Lanthanides

Inner transition elements or d-block elements The elements from Ce to Lu and from Th to Lr are called inner transition elements have been shown at a separate pkace at the bottom of the periodic table. The first series of 14 elements lies between La and Hf ib 6th period while the other series of 14 elements lies between Ac and Ku in 7th period . Both the sreies are present in IIIB (3) group. The element of 1st series are called lanthanides or lanthanones while those of second series are called actindes or actinones. The name lanthanide and actinides...

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Lanthanides

Chemistry ofLanthanides F block elements Lanthanides series elements are also called fblock elements. Thus the last electron enters (n 2) f  subshell in inner-transition elements. Valence shell electronic conjiguration of the atoms of f block elements can be represented as (n2)]"‘“ (n1)d"‘2 us 2which shows that in  these elements the intermost three shells are partially-filled while the remaining inner shells are E ' partially filled. .Classification of f-Block Elements '1Inner transition elements (f-block elements) have been classified...

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Potentiometric Method

Introduction we mentioned measurement of the potential of a solution and described a platinum electrode whose potential was determined by the half-reaction of interest. This was a special case, and there are a number of electrodes available for measuring solution potentials. In this chapter, we list the various types of electrodes that can be used for measuring solution potentials and how to select the proper one for measuring a given analyte. The apparatus for making potentiometric measurements is described along with limitations and accuracies...

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Selective ElectroChemical Analysis

Selective ElectroChemical Analysis In this chapter we introduced three electrochemical methods of analysis:  potentiometry ,coulometry voltammetry.  1:In potentiometry we measure the potential of an indicator electrode without allowing any significant current to pass through the electrochemical cell. In principle we can use the Nernst equation to calculate the analyte’s activity—junction potentials, however, require that we standardize the electrode. There are two broad classes of potentiometric electrodes: 1:Metallic...

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Reduction by Alkyl Halides

Reduction by Alkyl Halides Alkanes can be prepared by the reduction of alkyl halides with the help of different methods.   1)Reduction by dissolve metals An alkane is prepared or produced When Zn reacts with alkyl group in the presence of aqueous acid such as hydrochloric acid.or acetic acid  Equation  RX + Zn +HX________ZnX+ RH  Similarly   RCl+ Zn + HCl______ZnCl2 + RH  Transferring of electron from metals,to the substrate , followed by the transfer of proton from the acids.  Zn__________Zn2+ ...

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